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I bilden ovan syns det hur jag ritsat toppen efter cylindern och att jag ritsat med ett par stora ventiler som motsvarar ventilernas plus mantelytornas areor. Detta använder jag som utgångspunkt när jag slipar förbränningsrummen.
Toppen ovan är avsedd för historisk racing och till en cylinderdiameter som inte är större än 89 mm. Jag valde att utgå från ett B18 toppämne eftersom denna topp har ventilerna 1 mm längre in mot centrum. Den har däremot inte lika stor insugnings kanal som de nyare topparna.
Jag valde att använda 42-35 ventiler. 42 mm insug eftersom en större ventil inte skulle få 12% av sin diameter i spalt mot cylinderväggen. Med B18 ämne och 42 mm:s ventil blir spalten 4.5 mm vilket inte är 12% utan 10.7%. Så till och med denna i Volvo sammanhang lilla ventil är spalten för liten. Hade jag använt ett B20 ämne istället så hade spalten bara blivit 3.5 mm. Med den topp som tidigare satt på och som var ett B20 ämne med 46 mm:s insugningsventil var spalten endast 1.5 mm. Bilderna nedan visar en B20 racing topp som har haft 46-38.5 ventiler tillsammans med en flödescylinder som är 92 mm. Flödesvärdena som kommer längre ner är gjorda med denna cylinder eftersom jag inte har någon 89 mm:s. 46-38.5 toppen som jag ersatte och som inte är den på bilderna hade alltså flödat betydligt sämre när cylinderväggen hade kommit 1.5 mm närmre ventilerna.
Den här gamla racingtoppen är rejält portad och har en minsta diameter som är större än 38 mm. Toppen jag ersatte var också ganska stor i kanalen förutom mitt mellan inloppet och svängen ner mot ventilen där den endast var 35.5 mm. B18 ämnet portade jag så att minsta arean hamnade mellan svängen och sätet och den var också 35.5 mm. Att jag inte använde större avgasventiler än 35 mm är för att jag anser att det inte behövs större och att jag tror att man förlorar effekt med större avgasventiler. Likaså tror jag inte på mer avgasduration än insugningsduration. Att det trots allt brukar fungera beror på att grenrören har för långa primärrör.


     
Lyft i mm 42.0 Ventil 46.0 ventil
0 0 0
2 45.7 47.1
4 92,8 90,5
6 132,4 129,7
8 163,5 162,6
10 172,1 182,2
12 174,5 179,5
14 176,2 179,8
16
176,6
179,8
 
     
Lyft i mm 35.0 Ventil 38.5 ventil
0 0 0
2 41.2 44.2
4 75.7 79.1
6 100.7 107.1
8 116.4 128.2
10 122.4 140.3
12 125.1 145.3
14 125.1 148.9
 
Till de här flödningarna har jag använt 92 mm:s cylinder som är 3 mm större än motorns verkliga cylinderdiameter. Att ett för långt avgasgrrenrör fungerar tillsammans med för lång duration beror på att det längre röret kräver mer duration för att tuna på samma varvtal. Ett längre rör gör att pulsen måste färdas längre och detta tar längre tid. Öppnar man ventilen tidigare och stänger den senare så hinner pulsen fram och tillbaka ändå. Rätt lösning är ett kortare avgasgrenrör. 46-38.5 toppen flödar 85% av insug på avgas vilket är alldeles för mycket. 42-35 toppen har fullt tillräckliga 75% av insugningsflödet på avgas.
Jag har gjort en Pipemax beräkning för en 2 liters motor som lämmnar 180 hk vid 6500 varv


121.227 Cubic Inches @ 6500 RPM with 110.0 % Volumetric Efficiency PerCent

Required Intake Flow between 162.7 CFM and 171.2 CFM at 28 Inches
Required Exhaust Flow between 124.7 CFM and 135.9 CFM at 28 Inches

600 RPM/Sec Dyno Test Lowest Low Average Best
Peak HorsePower 171.2 178.2 181.8 185.3
Peak Torque Lbs-Ft 153.4 159.7 162.8 166.0

HorsePower per CID 1.412 1.470 1.499 1.528
Torque per Cubic Inch 1.265 1.317 1.343 1.369

BMEP in psi 190.8 198.6 202.5 206.5
Carb CFM at 1.5 in Hg. 251 279 293 307

Target EGT= 1254 degrees F at end of 4 second 600 RPM/Sec Dyno accel. test
Octane (R+M)/2 Method = 106.3 to 106.8 Octane required range
Air Standard Efficiency = 63.53699 % for 12.000:1 Compression Ratio

Peak HorsePower calculated from Cylinder Head Flow CFM only
600 RPM/Sec Dyno Test Lowest Average Best Potential
Head Flow Peak HP = 172.6 190.4 208.3

----- Engine Design Specifications -----
( English Units ) ( per each Valve Sq.Inch area )
Engine Size CID = 121.227 Intake Valve Net Area = 2.062
CID per Cylinder = 30.307 Intake Valve Dia. Area = 2.138
Rod/Stroke Ratio = 1.810 Intake Valve Stem Area = 0.077
Bore/Stroke Ratio = 1.111 Exhaust Valve Net Area = 1.415
Int Valve/Bore Ratio = 0.471 Exhaust Valve Dia. Area = 1.491
Exh Valve/Bore Ratio = 0.394 Exhaust Valve Stem Area = 0.077
Exh/Int Valve Ratio = 0.835 Exh/Int Valve Area Ratio = 0.697
Intake Valve L/D Ratio= .303 Exhaust Valve L/D Ratio= .363
CFM/Sq.Inch = 76.1 to 80.1 CFM/Sq.Inch =83.6 to 91.1
Curtain Area -to- Valve Area Convergence Intake Valve Lift inch= .412
Curtain Area -to- Valve Area Convergence Exhaust Valve Lift inch= .345

Intake Valve Margin CC's Exhaust Valve Margin CC's
1.00 CC = 0.0285 1.00 CC = 0.0409
0.50 CC = 0.0143 0.50 CC = 0.0205
0.25 CC = 0.0071 0.25 CC = 0.0102
0.10 CC = 0.0029 0.10 CC = 0.0041

------- Piston Motion Data -------
Average Piston Speed (FPM)= 3412.50 in Feet Per Minute
Maximum Piston Speed (FPM)= 5562.16 occurs at 75.543 Degrees ATDC
Piston Depth at 75.543 degree ATDC= 1.3896 inches Cylinder Volume= 219.1 CC
Maximum TDC Rod Tension GForce= 2412.30 G's
Maximum BDC Rod Compression GForce= 1367.80 G's

------- Current Camshaft Specs @ .050 -------

IntOpen= 23.50 IntClose= 51.50 ExhOpen= 59.50 ExhClose= 15.50
Intake Duration @ .050 = 255.00 Exhaust Duration @ .050 = 255.00
Intake CenterLine = 104.00 Exhaust CenterLine = 112.00
Compression Duration= 128.50 Power Duration = 120.50
OverLap Duration = 39.00 Lobe Center Angle (LCA)= 108.00
Camshaft Advanced = 4.00 degrees

-Recommended Camshaft Valve Lift-
Minimum Normal Maximum
Intake = 0.478 0.515 0.567
Exhaust = 0.436 0.469 0.516
Max-effort Intake Lift = 0.594
Max-effort Exhaust Lift = 0.541
Minimum Intake Valve Lift to prevent Choke = .515 Lift @ 6500 RPM
Minimum Exhaust Valve Lift to prevent Choke = .469 Lift @ 6500 RPM

- Induction System Tuned Lengths - ( Cylinder Head Port + Manifold Runner )
1st Harmonic= 34.623 (usually this Length is never used)
2nd Harmonic= 19.651 (some Sprint Engines and Factory OEM's w/Injectors)
3rd Harmonic= 13.719 (ProStock or Comp SheetMetal Intake)
4th Harmonic= 10.798 (Single-plane Intakes , less Torque)
5th Harmonic= 8.761 (Torque is reduced, even though Tuned Length)
6th Harmonic= 7.371 (Torque is reduced, even though Tuned Length)
7th Harmonic= 6.361 (Torque is greatly reduced, even though Tuned Length)
8th Harmonic= 5.595 (Torque is greatly reduced, even though Tuned Length)
Note> 2nd and 3rd Harmonics typically create the most Peak Torque
4th Harmonic is used to package Induction System underneath Hood

Plenum Runner Minimum Recommended Entry Area = 1.736 to 1.953 Sq.Inch
Plenum Runner Average Recommended Entry Area = 1.996 Sq.Inch
Plenum Runner Maximum Recommended Entry Area = 2.039 to 2.412 Sq.Inch

Minimum Plenum Volume CC = 301.3 [typically for Single-Plane Intakes]
Minimum Plenum Volume CID= 18.4 [typically for Single-Plane Intakes]
Maximum Plenum Volume CC = 1986.5 [typically for Tunnel Ram Intakes]
Maximum Plenum Volume CID= 121.2 [typically for Tunnel Ram Intakes]

------- Operating RPM Ranges of various Components -------

Camshaft Intake Lobe RPM = 6065 Exhaust Lobe RPM = 6169
Camshaft's Intake and Exhaust Lobes operating RPM range = 4091 to 6091
Note=> Lobe RPMs are only BallPark estimations

Minimum Intake Valve Lift to prevent Choke = .515 Lift @ 6500 RPM
Minimum Exhaust Valve Lift to prevent Choke = .469 Lift @ 6500 RPM

Current (Intake Valve Curtain Area -VS- Time) Choke RPM = 6308 RPM
Current (Exhaust Valve Curtain Area -VS- Time) Choke RPM = 6928 RPM

Intake Valve Area + Curtain Area operating RPM Range = 4570 to 6570 RPM

Intake Valve Diameter RPM Range = 4308 to 6308

Intake Flow CFM @28in RPM Range = 4565 to 6565
___________________________________________________________________________

Best estimate RPM operating range from all Components = 4530 to 6530

Note=>The BEST Engine Combo will have all Component's RPM Ranges coinciding
___________________________________________________________________________

--- Cross-Sectional Areas at various Intake Port Velocities (@ 28 in.) ---
151 FPS at Intake Valve Curtain Area= 2.592 sq.in. at .500 Lift
183 FPS at Intake Valve OD Area and at Convergence Lift = .412
225 FPS 90% PerCent Rule Seat-Throat Velocity CSA= 1.732 sq.in. at 6500 RPM
350 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.115 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Port Sonic-Choke with HP Loss
330 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.183 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Port Sonic-Choke with HP Loss
311 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.256 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Smallest Useable Port CSA
300 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.302 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Recommended Smallest Port CSA
285 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.370 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Recommended Smallest Port CSA
260 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.502 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Recommended Port CSA
250 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.562 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Recommended Port CSA
240 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.627 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Largest Intake Port Entry CSA
220 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.775 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Largest Intake Port Entry CSA
210 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.860 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Torque Loss + Reversion
200 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.953 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Torque Loss + Reversion

--- Cross-Sectional Areas at various Exhaust Port Velocities (@ 28 in.) ---
144 FPS at Exhaust Valve Curtain Area= 2.165 sq.in. at .500 Lift
210 FPS at Exhaust Valve OD Area and at Convergence Lift = .345
259 FPS 90% PerCent Rule Seat-Throat Velocity CSA= 1.208 sq.in. at 6500 RPM
435 FPS Velocity CSA= 0.719 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Sonic Choke at Throat Area
350 FPS Velocity CSA= 0.893 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Port Sonic-Choke with HP Loss
330 FPS Velocity CSA= 0.948 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Port Sonic-Choke with HP Loss
311 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.006 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Smallest Useable Port CSA
300 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.042 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Recommended Smallest Port CSA
285 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.097 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Recommended Smallest Port CSA
250 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.251 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Recommended Port CSA
240 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.303 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Recommended Port CSA
225 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.390 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Largest Exhaust Port Exit CSA
210 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.489 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Largest Exhaust Port Exit CSA
190 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.646 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Torque Loss + Reversion
180 FPS Velocity CSA= 1.737 sq.in. at 6500 RPM Torque Loss + Reversion

---- Some Useful Formulas are: ----
Average_CSA = Port_Volume_CC / (Port_CenterLine_Length * 16.387)

Port_Volume_CC = Average_CSA * Port_CenterLine_Length * 16.387

Port_CenterLine_Length = Port_Volume_CC / ( Average_CSA *16.387 )

FPS = ( Flow_CFM * 2.4 ) / Average_CSA

Flow_CFM = Average_CSA * FPS * .4166667

Average_CSA = ( Flow_CFM * 2.4) / FPS

Valve Intake Exhaust Curtain Area 300 FPS Velocity Minimum Head
Lift Choke Choke Square Inches Cross-Sect Area Flow @ 28 In
inches RPM RPM Intake Exhaust Intake Exhaust Int Exh
.050 631 693 0.259 0.216 0.126 0.101 15.8 12.6
.075 946 1039 0.389 0.325 0.190 0.152 23.7 19.0
.100 1262 1386 0.518 0.433 0.253 0.202 31.6 25.3
.125 1577 1732 0.648 0.541 0.316 0.253 39.5 31.6
.150 1893 2078 0.778 0.649 0.379 0.304 47.4 37.9
.175 2208 2425 0.907 0.758 0.442 0.354 55.3 44.3
.200 2523 2771 1.037 0.866 0.505 0.405 63.2 50.6
.225 2839 3118 1.166 0.974 0.569 0.455 71.1 56.9
.250 3154 3464 1.296 1.082 0.632 0.506 79.0 63.2
.275 3470 3810 1.426 1.191 0.695 0.556 86.9 69.6
.300 3785 4157 1.555 1.299 0.758 0.607 94.8 75.9
.325 4100 4503 1.685 1.407 0.821 0.658 102.7 82.2
.350 4416 4850 1.814 1.515 0.884 0.708 110.6 88.5
.375 4731 5196 1.944 1.623 0.948 0.759 118.5 94.9
.400 5047 5542 2.073 1.732 1.011 0.809 126.4 101.2

Valve Intake Exhaust Curtain Area 300 FPS Velocity Minimum Head
Lift Choke Choke Square Inches Cross-Sect Area Flow @ 28 In
inches RPM RPM Intake Exhaust Intake Exhaust Int Exh
.425 5362 5889 2.203 1.840 1.074 0.860 134.2 107.5
.450 5678 6235 2.333 1.948 1.137 0.911 142.1 113.8
.475 5993 6582 2.462 2.056 1.200 0.961 150.0 120.1
.500 6308 6928 2.592 2.165 1.264 1.012 157.9 126.5
.525 6624 7274 2.721 2.273 1.327 1.062 165.8 132.8
.550 6939 7621 2.851 2.381 1.390 1.113 173.7 139.1
.575 7255 7967 2.981 2.489 1.453 1.163 181.6 145.4
.600 7570 8314 3.110 2.597 1.516 1.214 189.5 151.8
.625 7886 8660 3.240 2.706 1.579 1.265 197.4 158.1
.650 8201 9006 3.369 2.814 1.643 1.315 205.3 164.4

Nedan Pipemax beräkning för avgasgrenrör och avgassystem.


--- Tri-Y Header Design Specs --- for 121.227 CID from 4500 to 7000 RPM

1st Y-Segment Dia.= 1.447 Length= 14.5 to 15.9 inches long

2nd Y-Segment Dia.= 1.572 Length= 14.5 to 15.9 inches long

--- Header Collector Specs (Megaphone or Diffuser Cone Shape) ---
Diameter= 1.978 taper to 2.978 Megaphone/Diffuser Length= 16.8 inches

H-Pipe= 16.8 X-Pipe= 67.2 distance behind end of Primary Tube ends

-- Total Exhaust System Tuned Lengths (Primary ends to TailPipe end) --
Best HP/TQ Tuned Collector Lengths= 16.8 , 33.6 , 67.2 , 134.4 inches long

Worst HP/TQ Loss Collector Lengths= 25.2 , 50.4 , 100.8 , 201.6 inches long

Note=> measured from where the Primary Pipes end inside the Collector to
the point the tailpipe exits into the atmosphere.

Note-> all Pipe Diameters are OD and based-off .0625 inch Pipe thickness

---- Primary Pipe's Harmonics ----
3rd Harmonic = 29.0 inches long, both Y-Segments combined Length, best TQ + HP

---- Collector's Harmonics (includes Intermediate, Muffler , TailPipe) ----
1st Harmonic = 134.4 inches long ... longest with Mufflers and TailPipes
2nd Harmonic = 67.2 inches long ... longest recommended with Mufflers
3rd Harmonic = 33.6 inches long ... more bottom-end Torque
4th Harmonic = 16.8 inches long ... highly recommended , best Torque Curve
5th Harmonic = 8.4 inches long ... reduced Torque , more top-end HP sometimes
6th Harmonic = 4.2 inches long ... reduced Torque , not recommended

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